Vertex-Centric Indexes

Introduction to Vertex-Centric Indexes

In ArangoDB there are special indexes designed to speed up graph operations, especially if the graph contains supernodes (vertices that have an exceptionally high amount of connected edges). These indexes are called vertex-centric indexes and can be used in addition to the existing edge index.

Motivation

The idea of this index is to index a combination of a vertex, the direction and any arbitrary set of other attributes on the edges. To take an example, if we have an attribute called type on the edges, we can use an outbound vertex-centric index on this attribute to find all edges attached to a vertex with a given type. The following query example could benefit from such an index:

FOR v, e, p IN 3..5 OUTBOUND @start GRAPH @graphName
  FILTER p.edges[*].type ALL == "friend"
  RETURN v

Using the built-in edge-index ArangoDB can find the list of all edges attached to the vertex fast, but still it has to walk through this list and check if all of them have the attribute type == "friend". Using a vertex-centric index would allow ArangoDB to find all edges for the vertex having the attribute type == "friend" in the same time and can save the iteration to verify the condition.

Index creation

A vertex-centric has to be of the type Persistent Index and is created using its normal creation operations. However, in the list of fields used to create the index we have to include either _from or _to.

Let us again explain this by an example. Assume we want to create an hash-based outbound vertex-centric index on the attribute type. This can be created with the following way:

db.collection.ensureIndex({ type: "persistent", fields: [ "_from", "type" ] })

{ 
  "cacheEnabled" : false, 
  "deduplicate" : true, 
  "estimates" : true, 
  "fields" : [ 
    "_from", 
    "type" 
  ], 
  "id" : "collection/83169", 
  "isNewlyCreated" : true, 
  "name" : "idx_1814974127506718720", 
  "selectivityEstimate" : 1, 
  "sparse" : false, 
  "type" : "persistent", 
  "unique" : false, 
  "code" : 201 
}

All options that are supported by persistent indexes are supported by the vertex-centric index as well.

Index usage

The AQL optimizer can decide to use a vertex-centric whenever suitable, however it is not guaranteed that this index is used, the optimizer may estimate that an other index is assumed to be better. The optimizer will consider this type of indexes on explicit filtering of _from respectively _to:

FOR edge IN collection
  FILTER edge._from == "vertices/123456" AND edge.type == "friend"
  RETURN edge

and during pattern matching queries:

FOR v, e, p IN 3..5 OUTBOUND @start GRAPH @graphName
  FILTER p.edges[*].type ALL == "friend"
  RETURN v